Apparatus and method for left-shifting packed quadwords and extracting packed doublewords

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for performing right-shifting operations on packed quadword data. For example, one embodiment of a processor comprises: a decoder to decode a left-shift instruction to generate a decoded left-shift instruction; a first source register to store a plurality of packed quadword data elements, each of the packed quadword data elements including a sign bit; execution circuitry to execute the decoded left-shift instruction, the execution circuitry comprising shift circuitry with sign preservation logic to left-shift first and second packed quadword data elements from first and second packed quadword data element locations, respectively, in the first source register by an amount specified in an immediate value or in a control value in a second source register, the left-shifting to generate first and second left-shifted quadwords, the shift circuitry to write zeroes into bit positions exposed by the left-shifting of the packed quadword data elements; the sign preservation logic to maintain a copy of the sign bit while the shift circuitry performs the left-shift operations; the execution circuitry to cause selection of 32 most significant bits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords, including the sign bit, to be written to 32 least significant bit regions of first and second quadword data element locations, respectively, of a destination register, writing the sign bit to the most significant bit position of each 32 least significant bit region.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The embodiments of the invention relate generally to the field ofcomputer processors. More particularly, the embodiments relate to anapparatus and method for shifting and extracting packed data elements.

Description of the Related Art

An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA), is the partof the computer architecture related to programming, including thenative data types, instructions, register architecture, addressingmodes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, andexternal input and output (I/O). It should be noted that the term“instruction” generally refers herein to macro-instructions—that isinstructions that are provided to the processor for execution—as opposedto micro-instructions or micro-ops—that is the result of a processor'sdecoder decoding macro-instructions. The micro-instructions or micro-opscan be configured to instruct an execution unit on the processor toperform operations to implement the logic associated with themacro-instruction.

The ISA is distinguished from the microarchitecture, which is the set ofprocessor design techniques used to implement the instruction set.Processors with different microarchitectures can share a commoninstruction set. For example, Intel® Pentium 4 processors, Intel® Core™processors, and processors from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ofSunnyvale Calif. implement nearly identical versions of the x86instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newerversions), but have different internal designs. For example, the sameregister architecture of the ISA may be implemented in different ways indifferent microarchitectures using well-known techniques, includingdedicated physical registers, one or more dynamically allocated physicalregisters using a register renaming mechanism (e.g., the use of aRegister Alias Table (RAT), a Reorder Buffer (ROB) and a retirementregister file). Unless otherwise specified, the phrases registerarchitecture, register file, and register are used herein to refer tothat which is visible to the software/programmer and the manner in whichinstructions specify registers. Where a distinction is required, theadjective “logical,” “architectural,” or “software visible” will be usedto indicate registers/files in the register architecture, whiledifferent adjectives will be used to designate registers in a givenmicroarchitecture (e.g., physical register, reorder buffer, retirementregister, register pool).

Multiply—accumulate is a common digital signal processing operationwhich computes the product of two numbers and adds that product to anaccumulated value. Existing single instruction multiple data (SIMD)microarchitectures implement multiply-accumulate operations by executinga sequence of instructions. For example, a multiply-accumulate may beperformed with a multiply instruction, followed by a 4-way addition, andthen an accumulation with the destination quadword data to generate two64-bit saturated results.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained from thefollowing detailed description in conjunction with the followingdrawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are block diagrams illustrating a generic vectorfriendly instruction format and instruction templates thereof accordingto embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 2A-C are block diagrams illustrating an exemplary VEX instructionformat according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a register architecture according to oneembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-orderfetch, decode, retire pipeline and an exemplary register renaming,out-of-order issue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of theinvention;

FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment ofan in-order fetch, decode, retire core and an exemplary registerrenaming, out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be includedin a processor according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with itsconnection to an on-die interconnect network;

FIG. 5B illustrates an expanded view of part of the processor core inFIG. 5A according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a single core processor and a multicoreprocessor with integrated memory controller and graphics according toembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of a system in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of a second system in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a third system in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a system on a chip (SoC) inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram contrasting the use of a softwareinstruction converter to convert binary instructions in a sourceinstruction set to binary instructions in a target instruction setaccording to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a processor architecture on which embodiments of theinvention may be implemented;

FIG. 13 illustrates a plurality of packed data elements containing realand complex values in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 14 illustrates a packed data processing architecture in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment which performs a right-shift ofquadword data elements based on a value in an immediate;

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment which performs a right-shift ofquadword data elements based on a value in a source register;

FIG. 17 illustrates a method for performing a right-shift of quadworddata elements in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 illustrates a method for performing a right-shift of quadworddata elements in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment which performs a left-shift ofquadword data elements based on a value in an immediate;

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment which performs a left-shift ofquadword data elements based on a value in a source register;

FIG. 21 illustrates a method for performing a left-shift of quadworddata elements in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 22 illustrates a method for performing a left-shift of quadworddata elements in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the embodiments of the invention described below. Itwill be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that theembodiments of the invention may be practiced without some of thesespecific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devicesare shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the underlyingprinciples of the embodiments of the invention.

Exemplary Processor Architectures, Instruction Formats, and Data Types

An instruction set includes one or more instruction formats. A giveninstruction format defines various fields (number of bits, location ofbits) to specify, among other things, the operation to be performed(opcode) and the operand(s) on which that operation is to be performed.Some instruction formats are further broken down though the definitionof instruction templates (or subformats). For example, the instructiontemplates of a given instruction format may be defined to have differentsubsets of the instruction format's fields (the included fields aretypically in the same order, but at least some have different bitpositions because there are less fields included) and/or defined to havea given field interpreted differently. Thus, each instruction of an ISAis expressed using a given instruction format (and, if defined, in agiven one of the instruction templates of that instruction format) andincludes fields for specifying the operation and the operands. Forexample, an exemplary ADD instruction has a specific opcode and aninstruction format that includes an opcode field to specify that opcodeand operand fields to select operands (source1/destination and source2);and an occurrence of this ADD instruction in an instruction stream willhave specific contents in the operand fields that select specificoperands.

Embodiments of the instruction(s) described herein may be embodied indifferent formats. Additionally, exemplary systems, architectures, andpipelines are detailed below. Embodiments of the instruction(s) may beexecuted on such systems, architectures, and pipelines, but are notlimited to those detailed.

Generic Vector Friendly Instruction Format

A vector friendly instruction format is an instruction format that issuited for vector instructions (e.g., there are certain fields specificto vector operations). While embodiments are described in which bothvector and scalar operations are supported through the vector friendlyinstruction format, alternative embodiments use only vector operationsthe vector friendly instruction format.

FIGS. 1A-1B are block diagrams illustrating a generic vector friendlyinstruction format and instruction templates thereof according toembodiments of the invention. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating ageneric vector friendly instruction format and class A instructiontemplates thereof according to embodiments of the invention; while FIG.1B is a block diagram illustrating the generic vector friendlyinstruction format and class B instruction templates thereof accordingto embodiments of the invention. Specifically, a generic vector friendlyinstruction format 100 for which are defined class A and class Binstruction templates, both of which include no memory access 105instruction templates and memory access 120 instruction templates. Theterm generic in the context of the vector friendly instruction formatrefers to the instruction format not being tied to any specificinstruction set.

While embodiments of the invention will be described in which the vectorfriendly instruction format supports the following: a 64 byte vectoroperand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte) or 64 bit (8 byte) dataelement widths (or sizes) (and thus, a 64 byte vector consists of either16 doubleword-size elements or alternatively, 8 quadword-size elements);a 64 byte vector operand length (or size) with 16 bit (2 byte) or 8 bit(1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); a 32 byte vector operand length(or size) with 32 bit (4 byte), 64 bit (8 byte), 16 bit (2 byte), or 8bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); and a 16 byte vectoroperand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte), 64 bit (8 byte), 16 bit(2 byte), or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); alternativeembodiments may support more, less and/or different vector operand sizes(e.g., 256 byte vector operands) with more, less, or different dataelement widths (e.g., 128 bit (16 byte) data element widths).

The class A instruction templates in FIG. 1A include: 1) within the nomemory access 105 instruction templates there is shown a no memoryaccess, full round control type operation 110 instruction template and ano memory access, data transform type operation 115 instructiontemplate; and 2) within the memory access 120 instruction templatesthere is shown a memory access, temporal 125 instruction template and amemory access, non-temporal 130 instruction template. The class Binstruction templates in FIG. 1B include: 1) within the no memory access105 instruction templates there is shown a no memory access, write maskcontrol, partial round control type operation 112 instruction templateand a no memory access, write mask control, vsize type operation 117instruction template; and 2) within the memory access 120 instructiontemplates there is shown a memory access, write mask control 127instruction template.

The generic vector friendly instruction format 100 includes thefollowing fields listed below in the order illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1B.

Format field 140—a specific value (an instruction format identifiervalue) in this field uniquely identifies the vector friendly instructionformat, and thus occurrences of instructions in the vector friendlyinstruction format in instruction streams. As such, this field isoptional in the sense that it is not needed for an instruction set thathas only the generic vector friendly instruction format.

Base operation field 142—its content distinguishes different baseoperations.

Register index field 144—its content, directly or through addressgeneration, specifies the locations of the source and destinationoperands, be they in registers or in memory. These include a sufficientnumber of bits to select N registers from a PxQ (e.g. 32×512, 16×128,32×1024, 64×1024) register file. While in one embodiment N may be up tothree sources and one destination register, alternative embodiments maysupport more or less sources and destination registers (e.g., maysupport up to two sources where one of these sources also acts as thedestination, may support up to three sources where one of these sourcesalso acts as the destination, may support up to two sources and onedestination).

Modifier field 146—its content distinguishes occurrences of instructionsin the generic vector instruction format that specify memory access fromthose that do not; that is, between no memory access 105 instructiontemplates and memory access 120 instruction templates. Memory accessoperations read and/or write to the memory hierarchy (in some casesspecifying the source and/or destination addresses using values inregisters), while non-memory access operations do not (e.g., the sourceand destinations are registers). While in one embodiment this field alsoselects between three different ways to perform memory addresscalculations, alternative embodiments may support more, less, ordifferent ways to perform memory address calculations.

Augmentation operation field 150—its content distinguishes which one ofa variety of different operations to be performed in addition to thebase operation. This field is context specific. In one embodiment of theinvention, this field is divided into a class field 168, an alpha field152, and a beta field 154. The augmentation operation field 150 allowscommon groups of operations to be performed in a single instructionrather than 2, 3, or 4 instructions.

Scale field 160—its content allows for the scaling of the index field'scontent for memory address generation (e.g., for address generation thatuses 2^(scale)*index+base).

Displacement Field 162A—its content is used as part of memory addressgeneration (e.g., for address generation that uses2^(scale)*index+base+displacement).

Displacement Factor Field 1628 (note that the juxtaposition ofdisplacement field 162A directly over displacement factor field 1628indicates one or the other is used)—its content is used as part ofaddress generation; it specifies a displacement factor that is to bescaled by the size of a memory access (N)—where N is the number of bytesin the memory access (e.g., for address generation that uses2^(scale)*index+base+scaled displacement). Redundant low-order bits areignored and hence, the displacement factor field's content is multipliedby the memory operands total size (N) in order to generate the finaldisplacement to be used in calculating an effective address. The valueof N is determined by the processor hardware at runtime based on thefull opcode field 174 (described later herein) and the data manipulationfield 154C. The displacement field 162A and the displacement factorfield 1628 are optional in the sense that they are not used for the nomemory access 105 instruction templates and/or different embodiments mayimplement only one or none of the two.

Data element width field 164—its content distinguishes which one of anumber of data element widths is to be used (in some embodiments for allinstructions; in other embodiments for only some of the instructions).This field is optional in the sense that it is not needed if only onedata element width is supported and/or data element widths are supportedusing some aspect of the opcodes.

Write mask field 170—its content controls, on a per data elementposition basis, whether that data element position in the destinationvector operand reflects the result of the base operation andaugmentation operation. Class A instruction templates supportmerging-writemasking, while class B instruction templates support bothmerging- and zeroing-writemasking. When merging, vector masks allow anyset of elements in the destination to be protected from updates duringthe execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and theaugmentation operation); in other one embodiment, preserving the oldvalue of each element of the destination where the corresponding maskbit has a 0. In contrast, when zeroing vector masks allow any set ofelements in the destination to be zeroed during the execution of anyoperation (specified by the base operation and the augmentationoperation); in one embodiment, an element of the destination is set to 0when the corresponding mask bit has a 0 value. A subset of thisfunctionality is the ability to control the vector length of theoperation being performed (that is, the span of elements being modified,from the first to the last one); however, it is not necessary that theelements that are modified be consecutive. Thus, the write mask field170 allows for partial vector operations, including loads, stores,arithmetic, logical, etc. While embodiments of the invention aredescribed in which the write mask field's 170 content selects one of anumber of write mask registers that contains the write mask to be used(and thus the write mask field's 170 content indirectly identifies thatmasking to be performed), alternative embodiments instead or additionalallow the mask write field's 170 content to directly specify the maskingto be performed.

Immediate field 172—its content allows for the specification of animmediate. This field is optional in the sense that is it not present inan implementation of the generic vector friendly format that does notsupport immediate and it is not present in instructions that do not usean immediate.

Class field 168—its content distinguishes between different classes ofinstructions. With reference to FIGS. 1A-B, the contents of this fieldselect between class A and class B instructions. In FIGS. 1A-B, roundedcorner squares are used to indicate a specific value is present in afield (e.g., class A 168A and class B 168B for the class field 168respectively in FIGS. 1A-B).

Instruction Templates of Class A

In the case of the non-memory access 105 instruction templates of classA, the alpha field 152 is interpreted as an RS field 152A, whose contentdistinguishes which one of the different augmentation operation typesare to be performed (e.g., round 152A.1 and data transform 152A.2 arerespectively specified for the no memory access, round type operation110 and the no memory access, data transform type operation 115instruction templates), while the beta field 154 distinguishes which ofthe operations of the specified type is to be performed. In the nomemory access 105 instruction templates, the scale field 160, thedisplacement field 162A, and the displacement scale filed 162B are notpresent.

No-Memory Access Instruction Templates—Full Round Control Type Operation

In the no memory access full round control type operation 110instruction template, the beta field 154 is interpreted as a roundcontrol field 154A, whose content(s) provide static rounding. While inthe described embodiments of the invention the round control field 154Aincludes a suppress all floating point exceptions (SAE) field 156 and around operation control field 158, alternative embodiments may supportmay encode both these concepts into the same field or only have one orthe other of these concepts/fields (e.g., may have only the roundoperation control field 158).

SAE field 156—its content distinguishes whether or not to disable theexception event reporting; when the SAE field's 156 content indicatessuppression is enabled, a given instruction does not report any kind offloating-point exception flag and does not raise any floating pointexception handler.

Round operation control field 158—its content distinguishes which one ofa group of rounding operations to perform (e.g., Round-up, Round-down,Round-towards-zero and Round-to-nearest). Thus, the round operationcontrol field 158 allows for the changing of the rounding mode on a perinstruction basis. In one embodiment of the invention where a processorincludes a control register for specifying rounding modes, the roundoperation control field's 150 content overrides that register value.

No Memory Access Instruction Templates—Data Transform Type Operation

In the no memory access data transform type operation 115 instructiontemplate, the beta field 154 is interpreted as a data transform field1548, whose content distinguishes which one of a number of datatransforms is to be performed (e.g., no data transform, swizzle,broadcast).

In the case of a memory access 120 instruction template of class A, thealpha field 152 is interpreted as an eviction hint field 152B, whosecontent distinguishes which one of the eviction hints is to be used (inFIG. 1A, temporal 152B.1 and non-temporal 152B.2 are respectivelyspecified for the memory access, temporal 125 instruction template andthe memory access, non-temporal 130 instruction template), while thebeta field 154 is interpreted as a data manipulation field 154C, whosecontent distinguishes which one of a number of data manipulationoperations (also known as primitives) is to be performed (e.g., nomanipulation; broadcast; up conversion of a source; and down conversionof a destination). The memory access 120 instruction templates includethe scale field 160, and optionally the displacement field 162A or thedisplacement scale field 1626.

Vector memory instructions perform vector loads from and vector storesto memory, with conversion support. As with regular vector instructions,vector memory instructions transfer data from/to memory in a dataelement-wise fashion, with the elements that are actually transferred isdictated by the contents of the vector mask that is selected as thewrite mask.

Memory Access Instruction Templates—Temporal

Temporal data is data likely to be reused soon enough to benefit fromcaching. This is, however, a hint, and different processors mayimplement it in different ways, including ignoring the hint entirely.

Memory Access Instruction Templates—Non-Temporal

Non-temporal data is data unlikely to be reused soon enough to benefitfrom caching in the 1st-level cache and should be given priority foreviction. This is, however, a hint, and different processors mayimplement it in different ways, including ignoring the hint entirely.

Instruction Templates of Class B

In the case of the instruction templates of class B, the alpha field 152is interpreted as a write mask control (Z) field 152C, whose contentdistinguishes whether the write masking controlled by the write maskfield 170 should be a merging or a zeroing.

In the case of the non-memory access 105 instruction templates of classB, part of the beta field 154 is interpreted as an RL field 157A, whosecontent distinguishes which one of the different augmentation operationtypes are to be performed (e.g., round 157A.1 and vector length (VSIZE)157A.2 are respectively specified for the no memory access, write maskcontrol, partial round control type operation 112 instruction templateand the no memory access, write mask control, VSIZE type operation 117instruction template), while the rest of the beta field 154distinguishes which of the operations of the specified type is to beperformed. In the no memory access 105 instruction templates, the scalefield 160, the displacement field 162A, and the displacement scale filed162B are not present.

In the no memory access, write mask control, partial round control typeoperation 110 instruction template, the rest of the beta field 154 isinterpreted as a round operation field 159A and exception eventreporting is disabled (a given instruction does not report any kind offloating-point exception flag and does not raise any floating pointexception handler).

Round operation control field 159A—just as round operation control field158, its content distinguishes which one of a group of roundingoperations to perform (e.g., Round-up, Round-down, Round-towards-zeroand Round-to-nearest). Thus, the round operation control field 159Aallows for the changing of the rounding mode on a per instruction basis.In one embodiment of the invention where a processor includes a controlregister for specifying rounding modes, the round operation controlfield's 150 content overrides that register value.

In the no memory access, write mask control, VSIZE type operation 117instruction template, the rest of the beta field 154 is interpreted as avector length field 159B, whose content distinguishes which one of anumber of data vector lengths is to be performed on (e.g., 128, 256, or512 byte).

In the case of a memory access 120 instruction template of class B, partof the beta field 154 is interpreted as a broadcast field 157B, whosecontent distinguishes whether or not the broadcast type datamanipulation operation is to be performed, while the rest of the betafield 154 is interpreted the vector length field 159B. The memory access120 instruction templates include the scale field 160, and optionallythe displacement field 162A or the displacement scale field 162B.

With regard to the generic vector friendly instruction format 100, afull opcode field 174 is shown including the format field 140, the baseoperation field 142, and the data element width field 164. While oneembodiment is shown where the full opcode field 174 includes all ofthese fields, the full opcode field 174 includes less than all of thesefields in embodiments that do not support all of them. The full opcodefield 174 provides the operation code (opcode).

The augmentation operation field 150, the data element width field 164,and the write mask field 170 allow these features to be specified on aper instruction basis in the generic vector friendly instruction format.

The combination of write mask field and data element width field createtyped instructions in that they allow the mask to be applied based ondifferent data element widths.

The various instruction templates found within class A and class B arebeneficial in different situations. In some embodiments of theinvention, different processors or different cores within a processormay support only class A, only class B, or both classes. For instance, ahigh performance general purpose out-of-order core intended forgeneral-purpose computing may support only class B, a core intendedprimarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing maysupport only class A, and a core intended for both may support both (ofcourse, a core that has some mix of templates and instructions from bothclasses but not all templates and instructions from both classes iswithin the purview of the invention). Also, a single processor mayinclude multiple cores, all of which support the same class or in whichdifferent cores support different class. For instance, in a processorwith separate graphics and general purpose cores, one of the graphicscores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific computing maysupport only class A, while one or more of the general purpose cores maybe high performance general purpose cores with out of order executionand register renaming intended for general-purpose computing thatsupport only class B. Another processor that does not have a separategraphics core, may include one more general purpose in-order orout-of-order cores that support both class A and class B. Of course,features from one class may also be implement in the other class indifferent embodiments of the invention. Programs written in a high levellanguage would be put (e.g., just in time compiled or staticallycompiled) into an variety of different executable forms, including: 1) aform having only instructions of the class(es) supported by the targetprocessor for execution; or 2) a form having alternative routineswritten using different combinations of the instructions of all classesand having control flow code that selects the routines to execute basedon the instructions supported by the processor which is currentlyexecuting the code.

VEX Instruction Format

VEX encoding allows instructions to have more than two operands, andallows SIMD vector registers to be longer than 28 bits. The use of a VEXprefix provides for three-operand (or more) syntax. For example,previous two-operand instructions performed operations such as A=A+B,which overwrites a source operand. The use of a VEX prefix enablesoperands to perform nondestructive operations such as A=B+C.

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary AVX instruction format including a VEXprefix 202, real opcode field 230, Mod R/M byte 240, SIB byte 250,displacement field 262, and IMM8 272. FIG. 2B illustrates which fieldsfrom FIG. 2A make up a full opcode field 274 and a base operation field241. FIG. 2C illustrates which fields from FIG. 2A make up a registerindex field 244.

VEX Prefix (Bytes 0-2) 202 is encoded in a three-byte form. The firstbyte is the Format Field 290 (VEX Byte 0, bits[7:0]), which contains anexplicit C4 byte value (the unique value used for distinguishing the C4instruction format). The second-third bytes (VEX Bytes 1-2) include anumber of bit fields providing specific capability. Specifically, REXfield 205 (VEX Byte 1, bits[7-5]) consists of a VEX.R bit field (VEXByte 1, bit[7]-R), VEX.X bit field (VEX byte 1, bit[6]-X), and VEX.B bitfield (VEX byte 1, bit[5]-B). Other fields of the instructions encodethe lower three bits of the register indexes as is known in the art(rrr, xxx, and bbb), so that Rrrr, Xxxx, and Bbbb may be formed byadding VEX.R, VEX.X, and VEX.B. Opcode map field 215 (VEX byte 1,bits[4:0]-mmmmm) includes content to encode an implied leading opcodebyte. W Field 264 (VEX byte 2, bit[7]-W)—is represented by the notationVEX.W, and provides different functions depending on the instruction.The role of VEX.vvvv 220 (VEX Byte 2, bits[6:3]-vvvv) may include thefollowing: 1) VEX.vvvv encodes the first source register operand,specified in inverted (1s complement) form and is valid for instructionswith 2 or more source operands; 2) VEX.vvvv encodes the destinationregister operand, specified in 1s complement form for certain vectorshifts; or 3) VEX.vvvv does not encode any operand, the field isreserved and should contain 1111b. If VEX.L 268. Size field (VEX byte 2,bit[2]-L)=0, it indicates 28 bit vector; if VEX.L=1, it indicates 256bit vector. Prefix encoding field 225 (VEX byte 2, bits[1:0]-pp)provides additional bits for the base operation field 241.

Real Opcode Field 230 (Byte 3) is also known as the opcode byte. Part ofthe opcode is specified in this field.

MOD R/M Field 240 (Byte 4) includes MOD field 242 (bits[7-6]), Reg field244 (bits[5-3]), and R/M field 246 (bits[2-0]). The role of Reg field244 may include the following: encoding either the destination registeroperand or a source register operand (the rrr of Rrrr), or be treated asan opcode extension and not used to encode any instruction operand. Therole of R/M field 246 may include the following: encoding theinstruction operand that references a memory address, or encoding eitherthe destination register operand or a source register operand.

Scale, Index, Base (SIB)—The content of Scale field 250 (Byte 5)includes SS252 (bits[7-6]), which is used for memory address generation.The contents of SIB.xxx 254 (bits[5-3]) and SIB.bbb 256 (bits[2-0]) havebeen previously referred to with regard to the register indexes Xxxx andBbbb.

The Displacement Field 262 and the immediate field (IMM8) 272 containdata.

Exemplary Register Architecture

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a register architecture 300 according toone embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment illustrated, thereare 32 vector registers 310 that are 512 bits wide; these registers arereferenced as zmm0 through zmm31. The lower order 256 bits of the lower6 zmm registers are overlaid on registers ymm0-15. The lower order 128bits of the lower 6 zmm registers (the lower order 128 bits of the ymmregisters) are overlaid on registers xmm0-15.

General-purpose registers 325—in the embodiment illustrated, there aresixteen 64-bit general-purpose registers that are used along with theexisting x86 addressing modes to address memory operands. Theseregisters are referenced by the names RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RBP, RSI, RDI,RSP, and R8 through R15.

Scalar floating point stack register file (x87 stack) 345, on which isaliased the MMX packed integer flat register file 350—in the embodimentillustrated, the x87 stack is an eight-element stack used to performscalar floating-point operations on 32/64/80-bit floating point datausing the x87 instruction set extension; while the MMX registers areused to perform operations on 64-bit packed integer data, as well as tohold operands for some operations performed between the MMX and XMMregisters.

Alternative embodiments of the invention may use wider or narrowerregisters. Additionally, alternative embodiments of the invention mayuse more, less, or different register files and registers.

Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures

Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for differentpurposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations ofsuch cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended forgeneral-purpose computing; 2) a high performance general purposeout-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a specialpurpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific(throughput) computing. Implementations of different processors mayinclude: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order coresintended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more generalpurpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intendedprimarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such differentprocessors lead to different computer system architectures, which mayinclude: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) thecoprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) thecoprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessoris sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integratedgraphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purposecores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die thedescribed CPU (sometimes referred to as the application core(s) orapplication processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, andadditional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are describednext, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computerarchitectures. Detailed herein are circuits (units) that compriseexemplary cores, processors, etc.

Exemplary Core Architectures

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-orderpipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention. FIG.4B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of anin-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming,out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in aprocessor according to embodiments of the invention. The solid linedboxes in FIGS. 4A-B illustrate the in-order pipeline and in-order core,while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates theregister renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline and core. Giventhat the in-order aspect is a subset of the out-of-order aspect, theout-of-order aspect will be described.

In FIG. 4A, a processor pipeline 400 includes a fetch stage 402, alength decode stage 404, a decode stage 406, an allocation stage 408, arenaming stage 410, a scheduling (also known as a dispatch or issue)stage 412, a register read/memory read stage 414, an execute stage 416,a write back/memory write stage 418, an exception handling stage 422,and a commit stage 424.

FIG. 4B shows processor core 490 including a front end unit 430 coupledto an execution engine unit 450, and both are coupled to a memory unit470. The core 490 may be a reduced instruction set computing (RISC)core, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) core, a very longinstruction word (VLIW) core, or a hybrid or alternative core type. Asyet another option, the core 490 may be a special-purpose core, such as,for example, a network or communication core, compression engine,coprocessor core, general purpose computing graphics processing unit(GPGPU) core, graphics core, or the like.

The front end unit 430 includes a branch prediction unit 432 coupled toan instruction cache unit 434, which is coupled to an instructiontranslation lookaside buffer (TLB) 436, which is coupled to aninstruction fetch unit 438, which is coupled to a decode unit 440. Thedecode unit 440 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate as anoutput one or more micro-operations, microcode entry points,microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, whichare decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, theoriginal instructions. The decode unit 440 may be implemented usingvarious different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include,but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations,programmable logic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs),etc. In one embodiment, the core 490 includes a microcode ROM or othermedium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., indecode unit 440 or otherwise within the front end unit 430). The decodeunit 440 is coupled to a rename/allocator unit 452 in the executionengine unit 450.

The execution engine unit 450 includes the rename/allocator unit 452coupled to a retirement unit 454 and a set of one or more schedulerunit(s) 456. The scheduler unit(s) 456 represents any number ofdifferent schedulers, including reservations stations, centralinstruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 456 is coupled to thephysical register file(s) unit(s) 458. Each of the physical registerfile(s) units 458 represents one or more physical register files,different ones of which store one or more different data types, such asscalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floatingpoint, vector integer, vector floating point, status (e.g., aninstruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to beexecuted), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit458 comprises a vector registers unit and a scalar registers unit. Theseregister units may provide architectural vector registers, vector maskregisters, and general purpose registers. The physical register file(s)unit(s) 458 is overlapped by the retirement unit 454 to illustratevarious ways in which register renaming and out-of-order execution maybe implemented (e.g., using a reorder buffer(s) and a retirementregister file(s); using a future file(s), a history buffer(s), and aretirement register file(s); using a register maps and a pool ofregisters; etc.). The retirement unit 454 and the physical registerfile(s) unit(s) 458 are coupled to the execution cluster(s) 460. Theexecution cluster(s) 460 includes a set of one or more execution units462 and a set of one or more memory access units 464. The executionunits 462 may perform various operations (e.g., shifts, addition,subtraction, multiplication) and on various types of data (e.g., scalarfloating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer,vector floating point). While some embodiments may include a number ofexecution units dedicated to specific functions or sets of functions,other embodiments may include only one execution unit or multipleexecution units that all perform all functions. The scheduler unit(s)456, physical register file(s) unit(s) 458, and execution cluster(s) 460are shown as being possibly plural because certain embodiments createseparate pipelines for certain types of data/operations (e.g., a scalarinteger pipeline, a scalar floating point/packed integer/packed floatingpoint/vector integer/vector floating point pipeline, and/or a memoryaccess pipeline that each have their own scheduler unit, physicalregister file(s) unit, and/or execution cluster—and in the case of aseparate memory access pipeline, certain embodiments are implemented inwhich only the execution cluster of this pipeline has the memory accessunit(s) 464). It should also be understood that where separate pipelinesare used, one or more of these pipelines may be out-of-orderissue/execution and the rest in-order.

The set of memory access units 464 is coupled to the memory unit 470,which includes a data TLB unit 472 coupled to a data cache unit 474coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 476. In one exemplary embodiment,the memory access units 464 may include a load unit, a store addressunit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLBunit 472 in the memory unit 470. The instruction cache unit 434 isfurther coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 476 in the memory unit 470.The L2 cache unit 476 is coupled to one or more other levels of cacheand eventually to a main memory.

By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 400 asfollows: 1) the instruction fetch 438 performs the fetch and lengthdecoding stages 402 and 404; 2) the decode unit 440 performs the decodestage 406; 3) the rename/allocator unit 452 performs the allocationstage 408 and renaming stage 410; 4) the scheduler unit(s) 456 performsthe schedule stage 412; 5) the physical register file(s) unit(s) 458 andthe memory unit 470 perform the register read/memory read stage 414; theexecution cluster 460 perform the execute stage 416; 6) the memory unit470 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 458 perform the writeback/memory write stage 418; 7) various units may be involved in theexception handling stage 422; and 8) the retirement unit 454 and thephysical register file(s) unit(s) 458 perform the commit stage 424.

The core 490 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newerversions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale,Calif.; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensionssuch as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.), including theinstruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 490includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g.,AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimediaapplications to be performed using packed data.

It should be understood that the core may support multithreading(executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and maydo so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading,simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides alogical core for each of the threads that physical core issimultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., timesliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereaftersuch as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).

While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-orderexecution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used inan in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of theprocessor also includes separate instruction and data cache units434/474 and a shared L2 cache unit 476, alternative embodiments may havea single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as, forexample, a Level 1 (L1) internal cache, or multiple levels of internalcache. In some embodiments, the system may include a combination of aninternal cache and an external cache that is external to the core and/orthe processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may be external to thecore and/or the processor.

Specific Exemplary in-Order Core Architecture

FIGS. 5A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplaryin-order core architecture, which core would be one of several logicblocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types)in a chip. The logic blocks communicate through a high-bandwidthinterconnect network (e.g., a ring network) with some fixed functionlogic, memory I/O interfaces, and other necessary I/O logic, dependingon the application.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with itsconnection to the on-die interconnect network 502 and with its localsubset of the Level 2 (L2) cache 504, according to embodiments of theinvention. In one embodiment, an instruction decoder 500 supports thex86 instruction set with a packed data instruction set extension. An L1cache 506 allows low-latency accesses to cache memory into the scalarand vector units. While in one embodiment (to simplify the design), ascalar unit 508 and a vector unit 510 use separate register sets(respectively, scalar registers 512 and vector registers 514) and datatransferred between them is written to memory and then read back in froma level 1 (L1) cache 506, alternative embodiments of the invention mayuse a different approach (e.g., use a single register set or include acommunication path that allow data to be transferred between the tworegister files without being written and read back).

The local subset of the L2 cache 504 is part of a global L2 cache thatis divided into separate local subsets, one per processor core. Eachprocessor core has a direct access path to its own local subset of theL2 cache 504. Data read by a processor core is stored in its L2 cachesubset 504 and can be accessed quickly, in parallel with other processorcores accessing their own local L2 cache subsets. Data written by aprocessor core is stored in its own L2 cache subset 504 and is flushedfrom other subsets, if necessary. The ring network ensures coherency forshared data. The ring network is bi-directional to allow agents such asprocessor cores, L2 caches and other logic blocks to communicate witheach other within the chip. Each ring data-path is 1024-bits wide perdirection in some embodiments.

FIG. 5B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in FIG. 5Aaccording to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 5B includes an L1 datacache 506A part of the L1 cache 504, as well as more detail regardingthe vector unit 510 and the vector registers 514. Specifically, thevector unit 510 is a 6-wide vector processing unit (VPU) (see the16-wide ALU 528), which executes one or more of integer,single-precision float, and double-precision float instructions. The VPUsupports swizzling the register inputs with swizzle unit 520, numericconversion with numeric convert units 522A-B, and replication withreplication unit 524 on the memory input.

Processor with Integrated Memory Controller and Graphics

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a processor 600 that may have more than onecore, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integratedgraphics according to embodiments of the invention. The solid linedboxes in FIG. 6 illustrate a processor 600 with a single core 602A, asystem agent 610, a set of one or more bus controller units 616, whilethe optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates analternative processor 600 with multiple cores 602A-N, a set of one ormore integrated memory controller unit(s) 614 in the system agent unit610, and special purpose logic 608.

Thus, different implementations of the processor 600 may include: 1) aCPU with the special purpose logic 608 being integrated graphics and/orscientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores), andthe cores 602A-N being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., generalpurpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, acombination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 602A-N being alarge number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphicsand/or scientific (throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores602A-N being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus, theprocessor 600 may be a general-purpose processor, coprocessor orspecial-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network orcommunication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU(general purpose graphics processing unit), a high-throughput manyintegrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embeddedprocessor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or morechips. The processor 600 may be a part of and/or may be implemented onone or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies,such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.

The memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache within thecores 604A-N, a set or one or more shared cache units 606, and externalmemory (not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controllerunits 614. The set of shared cache units 606 may include one or moremid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), orother levels of cache, a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinationsthereof. While in one embodiment a ring based interconnect unit 612interconnects the integrated graphics logic 608, the set of shared cacheunits 606, and the system agent unit 610/integrated memory controllerunit(s) 614, alternative embodiments may use any number of well-knowntechniques for interconnecting such units. In one embodiment, coherencyis maintained between one or more cache units 606 and cores 602-A-N.

In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 602A-N are capable ofmulti-threading. The system agent 610 includes those componentscoordinating and operating cores 602A-N. The system agent unit 610 mayinclude for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. ThePCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating thepower state of the cores 602A-N and the integrated graphics logic 608.The display unit is for driving one or more externally connecteddisplays.

The cores 602A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms ofarchitecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 602A-Nmay be capable of execution the same instruction set, while others maybe capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or adifferent instruction set.

Exemplary Computer Architectures

FIGS. 7-10 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures. Othersystem designs and configurations known in the arts for laptops,desktops, handheld PCs, personal digital assistants, engineeringworkstations, servers, network devices, network hubs, switches, embeddedprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics devices, videogame devices, set-top boxes, micro controllers, cell phones, portablemedia players, hand held devices, and various other electronic devices,are also suitable. In general, a huge variety of systems or electronicdevices capable of incorporating a processor and/or other executionlogic as disclosed herein are generally suitable.

Referring now to FIG. 7, shown is a block diagram of a system 700 inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system 700may include one or more processors 710, 715, which are coupled to acontroller hub 720. In one embodiment, the controller hub 720 includes agraphics memory controller hub (GMCH) 790 and an Input/Output Hub (IOH)750 (which may be on separate chips); the GMCH 790 includes memory andgraphics controllers to which are coupled memory 740 and a coprocessor745; the IOH 750 is couples input/output (I/O) devices 760 to the GMCH790. Alternatively, one or both of the memory and graphics controllersare integrated within the processor (as described herein), the memory740 and the coprocessor 745 are coupled directly to the processor 710,and the controller hub 720 in a single chip with the IOH 750.

The optional nature of additional processors 715 is denoted in FIG. 7with broken lines. Each processor 710, 715 may include one or more ofthe processing cores described herein and may be some version of theprocessor 600.

The memory 740 may be, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM),phase change memory (PCM), or a combination of the two. For at least oneembodiment, the controller hub 720 communicates with the processor(s)710, 715 via a multi-drop bus, such as a frontside bus (FSB),point-to-point interface, or similar connection 795.

In one embodiment, the coprocessor 745 is a special-purpose processor,such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network orcommunication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU,embedded processor, or the like. In one embodiment, controller hub 720may include an integrated graphics accelerator.

There can be a variety of differences between the physical resources710, 7155 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit includingarchitectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumptioncharacteristics, and the like.

In one embodiment, the processor 710 executes instructions that controldata processing operations of a general type. Embedded within theinstructions may be coprocessor instructions. The processor 710recognizes these coprocessor instructions as being of a type that shouldbe executed by the attached coprocessor 745. Accordingly, the processor710 issues these coprocessor instructions (or control signalsrepresenting coprocessor instructions) on a coprocessor bus or otherinterconnect, to coprocessor 745. Coprocessor(s) 745 accept and executethe received coprocessor instructions.

Referring now to FIG. 8, shown is a block diagram of a first morespecific exemplary system 800 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. As shown in FIG. 8, multiprocessor system 800 is apoint-to-point interconnect system, and includes a first processor 870and a second processor 880 coupled via a point-to-point interconnect850. Each of processors 870 and 880 may be some version of the processor600. In one embodiment of the invention, processors 870 and 880 arerespectively processors 710 and 715, while coprocessor 838 iscoprocessor 745. In another embodiment, processors 870 and 880 arerespectively processor 710 coprocessor 745.

Processors 870 and 880 are shown including integrated memory controller(IMC) units 872 and 882, respectively. Processor 870 also includes aspart of its bus controller units point-to-point (P-P) interfaces 876 and878; similarly, second processor 880 includes P-P interfaces 886 and888. Processors 870, 880 may exchange information via a point-to-point(P-P) interface 850 using P-P interface circuits 878, 888. As shown inFIG. 8, IMCs 872 and 882 couple the processors to respective memories,namely a memory 832 and a memory 834, which may be portions of mainmemory locally attached to the respective processors.

Processors 870, 880 may each exchange information with a chipset 890 viaindividual P-P interfaces 852, 854 using point to point interfacecircuits 876, 894, 886, 898. Chipset 890 may optionally exchangeinformation with the coprocessor 838 via a high-performance interface892. In one embodiment, the coprocessor 838 is a special-purposeprocessor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, anetwork or communication processor, compression engine, graphicsprocessor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.

A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor oroutside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-Pinterconnect, such that either or both processors' local cacheinformation may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placedinto a low power mode.

Chipset 890 may be coupled to a first bus 816 via an interface 896. Inone embodiment, first bus 816 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or another I/Ointerconnect bus, although the scope of the present invention is not solimited.

As shown in FIG. 8, various I/O devices 814 may be coupled to first bus816, along with a bus bridge 818 which couples first bus 816 to a secondbus 820. In one embodiment, one or more additional processor(s) 815,such as coprocessors, high-throughput MIC processors, GPGPU's,accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signalprocessing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays, or any otherprocessor, are coupled to first bus 816. In one embodiment, second bus820 may be a low pin count (LPC) bus. Various devices may be coupled toa second bus 820 including, for example, a keyboard and/or mouse 822,communication devices 827 and a storage unit 828 such as a disk drive orother mass storage device which may include instructions/code and data830, in one embodiment. Further, an audio I/O 824 may be coupled to thesecond bus 816. Note that other architectures are possible. For example,instead of the point-to-point architecture of FIG. 8, a system mayimplement a multi-drop bus or other such architecture.

Referring now to FIG. 9, shown is a block diagram of a second morespecific exemplary system 900 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. Like elements in FIGS. 8 and 9 bear like referencenumerals, and certain aspects of FIG. 8 have been omitted from FIG. 9 inorder to avoid obscuring other aspects of FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 illustrates that the processors 870, 880 may include integratedmemory and I/O control logic (“CL”) 972 and 982, respectively. Thus, theCL 972, 982 include integrated memory controller units and include I/Ocontrol logic. FIG. 9 illustrates that not only are the memories 832,834 coupled to the CL 872, 882, but also that I/O devices 914 are alsocoupled to the control logic 872, 882. Legacy I/O devices 915 arecoupled to the chipset 890.

Referring now to FIG. 10, shown is a block diagram of a SoC 1000 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Similar elementsin FIG. 6 bear like reference numerals. Also, dashed lined boxes areoptional features on more advanced SoCs. In FIG. 10, an interconnectunit(s) 1002 is coupled to: an application processor 1010 which includesa set of one or more cores 102A-N, cache units 604A-N, and shared cacheunit(s) 606; a system agent unit 610; a bus controller unit(s) 616; anintegrated memory controller unit(s) 614; a set or one or morecoprocessors 1020 which may include integrated graphics logic, an imageprocessor, an audio processor, and a video processor; an static randomaccess memory (SRAM) unit 1030; a direct memory access (DMA) unit 1032;and a display unit 1040 for coupling to one or more external displays.In one embodiment, the coprocessor(s) 1020 include a special-purposeprocessor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor,compression engine, GPGPU, a high-throughput MIC processor, embeddedprocessor, or the like.

Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementationapproaches. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computerprograms or program code executing on programmable systems comprising atleast one processor, a storage system (including volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device,and at least one output device.

Program code, such as code 830 illustrated in FIG. 8, may be applied toinput instructions to perform the functions described herein andgenerate output information. The output information may be applied toone or more output devices, in known fashion. For purposes of thisapplication, a processing system includes any system that has aprocessor, such as, for example; a digital signal processor (DSP), amicrocontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or amicroprocessor.

The program code may be implemented in a high level procedural or objectoriented programming language to communicate with a processing system.The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machinelanguage, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are notlimited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case,the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium whichrepresents various logic within the processor, which when read by amachine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniquesdescribed herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may bestored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines that actually make the logic or processor.

Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation,non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formedby a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, anyother type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact diskread-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable's (CD-RWs), andmagneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random accessmemories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasableprogrammable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electricallyerasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory(PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitablefor storing electronic instructions.

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory,tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containingdesign data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which definesstructures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system featuresdescribed herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as programproducts.

Emulation (Including Binary Translation, Code Morphing, Etc.)

In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert aninstruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set.For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using staticbinary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamiccompilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to oneor more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instructionconverter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or acombination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, offprocessor, or part on and part off processor.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instructionconverter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set tobinary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodimentsof the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the instructionconverter is a software instruction converter, although alternativelythe instruction converter may be implemented in software, firmware,hardware, or various combinations thereof. FIG. 11 shows a program in ahigh level language 1102 may be compiled using an first compiler 1104 togenerate a first binary code (e.g., x86) 1106 that may be nativelyexecuted by a processor with at least one first instruction set core1116. In some embodiments, the processor with at least one firstinstruction set core 1116 represents any processor that can performsubstantially the same functions as an Intel processor with at least onex86 instruction set core by compatibly executing or otherwise processing(1) a substantial portion of the instruction set of the Intel x86instruction set core or (2) object code versions of applications orother software targeted to run on an Intel processor with at least onex86 instruction set core, in order to achieve substantially the sameresult as an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core.The first compiler 1104 represents a compiler that is operable togenerate binary code of the first instruction set 1106 (e.g., objectcode) that can, with or without additional linkage processing, beexecuted on the processor with at least one first instruction set core1116. Similarly, FIG. 11 shows the program in the high level language1102 may be compiled using an alternative instruction set compiler 1108to generate alternative instruction set binary code 1110 that may benatively executed by a processor without at least one first instructionset core 1114 (e.g., a processor with cores that execute the MIPSinstruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, Calif. and/or thatexecute the ARM instruction set of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.).The instruction converter 1112 is used to convert the first binary code1106 into code that may be natively executed by the processor without anfirst instruction set core 1114. This converted code is not likely to bethe same as the alternative instruction set binary code 1110 because aninstruction converter capable of this is difficult to make; however, theconverted code will accomplish the general operation and be made up ofinstructions from the alternative instruction set. Thus, the instructionconverter 1112 represents software, firmware, hardware, or a combinationthereof that, through emulation, simulation or any other process, allowsa processor or other electronic device that does not have a firstinstruction set processor or core to execute the first binary code 1106.

Apparatus and Method for Digital Signal Processing Instructions

Digital signal processing (DSP) instructions are described below. In oneembodiment, the circuitry and logic to perform the DSP operations isintegrated within the execution engine unit 450 shown in FIG. 4B, withinthe various cores described above (see, e.g., cores 602A-N in FIGS. 6and 10), and/or within the vector unit 510 shown in FIG. 5A. Forexample, the various source and destination registers may be SIMDregisters within the physical register file unit(s) 458 in FIG. 4Band/or vector registers 310 in FIG. 3. The multiplication circuits,adder circuits, accumulation circuits, and other circuitry describedbelow may be integrated within the execution components of thearchitectures described above including, by way of example and notlimitation, the execution unit(s) 462 in FIG. 4B. It should be noted,however, that the underlying principles of the invention are not limitedto these specific architectures.

One embodiment of the invention includes circuitry and/or logic forprocessing digital signal processing (DSP) instructions. In particular,one embodiment comprises a multiply-accumulate (MAC) architecture witheight 16×16-bit multipliers and two 64-bit accumulators. The instructionset architecture (ISA) described below can process various multiply andMAC operations on 128-bit packed (8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit data elements)integer, fixed point and complex data types. In addition, certaininstructions have direct support for highly efficient Fast FourierTransform (FFT) and Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filtering, andpost-processing of accumulated data by shift, round, and saturateoperations.

One embodiment of the new DSP instructions use a VEX.128 prefix basedopcode encoding and several of the SSE/SSE2/AVX instructions that handlepost-processing of data are used with the DSP ISA. The VEX-encoded128-bit DSP instructions with memory operands may have relaxed memoryalignment requirements.

In one embodiment, the instructions also support a variety of integerand fixed point data types including:

-   -   1) a Q31 data type for signals requiring analog to digital        conversion (ADC) and digital to analog conversion (DAC) with        greater than 16 bits;    -   2) a Q15 data type which is common in DSP algorithms;    -   3) a complex 16-bit data type; and    -   4) a complex 32-bit data type.

The instruction set architecture described herein targets a wide rangeof standard DSP (e.g., FFT, filtering, pattern matching, correlation,polynomial evaluation, etc) and statistical operations (e.g., mean,moving average, variance, etc.).

Target applications of the embodiments of the invention include sensor,audio, classification tasks for computer vision, and speech recognition.The DSP ISA described herein includes a wide range of instructions thatare applicable to deep neural networks (DNN), automatic speechrecognition (ASR), sensor fusion with Kalman filtering, other major DSPapplications, etc. Given the sequence of weights {w₁, w₂, . . . w_(k)}and the input sequence {x₁, x₂, x₃, . . . x_(n)} many image processing,machine learning tasks require to compute the result sequence {y₁, y₂,y₃, . . . y_(n+1−k)} defined by y_(i)=w₁x_(i+)w₂x_(i+1)+ . . .+w_(k)x_(i+k−1).

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary processor 1255 on which embodiments ofthe invention may be implemented which includes a plurality of cores 0-Nfor simultaneously executing a plurality of instruction threads. Theillustrated embodiment includes DSP instruction decode circuitry/logic1231 within the decoder 1230 and DSP instruction executioncircuitry/logic 1341 within the execution unit 1240. These pipelinecomponents may perform the operations described herein responsive to thedecoding and execution of the DSP instructions. While details of only asingle core (Core 0) are shown in FIG. 12, it will be understood thateach of the other cores of processor 1255 may include similarcomponents.

Prior to describing specific details of the embodiments of theinvention, a description of the various components of the exemplaryprocessor 1255 are provided directly below. The plurality of cores 0-Nmay each include a memory management unit 1290 for performing memoryoperations (e.g., such as load/store operations), a set of generalpurpose registers (GPRs) 1205, a set of vector registers 1206, and a setof mask registers 1207. In one embodiment, multiple vector data elementsare packed into each vector register 1206 which may have a 512 bit widthfor storing two 256 bit values, four 128 bit values, eight 64 bitvalues, sixteen 32 bit values, etc. However, the underlying principlesof the invention are not limited to any particular size/type of vectordata. In one embodiment, the mask registers 1207 include eight 64-bitoperand mask registers used for performing bit masking operations on thevalues stored in the vector registers 1206 (e.g., implemented as maskregisters k0-k7 described herein). However, the underlying principles ofthe invention are not limited to any particular mask register size/type.

Each core 0-N may include a dedicated Level 1 (L1) cache 1212 and Level2 (L2) cache 1211 for caching instructions and data according to aspecified cache management policy. The L1 cache 1212 includes a separateinstruction cache 1220 for storing instructions and a separate datacache 1221 for storing data. The instructions and data stored within thevarious processor caches are managed at the granularity of cache lineswhich may be a fixed size (e.g., 64, 128, 512 Bytes in length). Eachcore of this exemplary embodiment has an instruction fetch unit 1210 forfetching instructions from main memory 1200 and/or a shared Level 3 (L3)cache 1216. The instruction fetch unit 1210 includes various well knowncomponents including a next instruction pointer 1203 for storing theaddress of the next instruction to be fetched from memory 1200 (or oneof the caches); an instruction translation look-aside buffer (ITLB) 1204for storing a map of recently used virtual-to-physical instructionaddresses to improve the speed of address translation; a branchprediction unit 1202 for speculatively predicting instruction branchaddresses; and branch target buffers (BTBs) 1201 for storing branchaddresses and target addresses.

As mentioned, a decode unit 1230 includes DSP instruction decodecircuitry/logic 1231 for decoding the DSP instructions described hereininto micro-operatons or “uops” and the execution unit 1240 includes DSPinstruction execution circuitry/logic 1241 for executing the DSPinstructions. A writeback/retirement unit 1250 retires the executedinstructions and writes back the results.

Right-Shifting Packed Quadwords and Extracting Packed Doublewords

One embodiment of the invention includes an instruction which performs aleft-shift of two or more packed signed quadwords and extracts signeddoublewords from specified locations of the shifted signed quadwords. Asused herein a packed doubleword comprises a 16 bit packed data elementand a quadword comprises a 64 bit packed data element.

One embodiment maintains and propagates the most significant bit (theSign Bit) of each of the aligned quadwords during the shift andextraction operations. In one particular implementation, an arithmeticleft shift is performed on the bits in each of two aligned quadwords ofa 128 bit source register or memory location (e.g., xmm2/m128), with a6-bit count specifying the amount to shift stored in imm8[5:0]. Inanother implementation, the 6-bit count is specified in another sourceregister. For example, in one embodiment, bits[5:0] and/or [69:64] ofxmm3/m128 may encode the shift amount for the first and secondquadwords, respectively.

Regardless of how the shift amount is determined, in one embodiment, themost significant 16-bits[63:48] of each of the shifted quadwords arethen extracted and written into bits[15:0] of the corresponding quadwordlocation in the destination register (e.g., xmm1).

In one embodiment, the shifted upper 16-bits from each of the quadwordsare rounded. In particular, a two bit rounding control field may bespecified in a control register (e.g., MXCSR[0:1]) which indicates oneof several different rounding modes when the instruction is executed.Four rounding modes may be specified: round to nearest, round up, rounddown, and round toward zero. Round to nearest means that the roundedresult is the closest to the infinitely precise result. If two valuesare equally close, the result is the even value (the one with the leastsignificant bit of zero. In one embodiment, the default rounding mode isround to nearest as this mode provides the most accurate andstatistically unbiased estimate of the true result and is suitable formost applications. Round up means that the rounded result is closest tobut no greater than the infinitely precise result, round down means thatthe rounded result is closest to but no less than the infinitely preciseresult, and round towards zero means that the rounded result is closestto but no greater in absolute value than the infinitely precise result.It should be noted, however, that the underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to any particular type of rounding.

In addition, saturation may be performed on the resulting 16 bits. Forexample, the 16-bit value may be rounded in accordance with the selectedrounding mode and saturated to doubleword. If saturation occurs thesaturation flag may be set in a control register (e.g., the MXCSR statusregister).

In one embodiment, the xmm1, xmm2, and xmm3 registers are 128-bit packeddata registers which store dual quadword values, four doubleword values,eight word values, or sixteen bytes. FIG. 13 illustrates exemplary dataelement and bit distributions for an exemplary source register and/ordestination register. Data elements may be packed into the sourceregister and/or destination register in bytes (8 bits), words (16 bits),doublewords (32 bits), and/or quadwords (64 bits) as illustrated.

The operations described herein may be performed in response to theexecution of a single instruction. For example, VPSRARSWQ xmm1,xmm2/m128, imm8 performs a logical shift left of packed signed quadwordsin xmm2/m128 by an amount based on an immediate (imm8) and selects themost significant doublewords from the shifted result (including the signbit) to store in the destination, xmm1. In addition, VPSRAVRSWQ xmm1,xmm2, xmm3/m128 performs a logical shift left of packed signed quadwordsin xmm2 by an amount based on values in xmm3/m128 and selects the mostsignificant doublewords from the shifted result (including the sign bit)to store in the destination, xmm1.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary architecture for executing theinstructions and performing the operations described herein. Althoughmany of the functional elements in FIG. 14 are not required for theinstructions described herein, certain components of the illustratedarchitecture may be utilized. Eight multipliers 1405 are included tomultiply a data element in SRC1 1401 with a data element in SRC2 1402 inaccordance with the instruction being executed, to generate a pluralityof products. If multiplications are not performed, the values may beprovided directly to adder networks 1410-1411 which add, subtract, andperform various logical operations on the data elements in accordancewith the instruction. Depending on the implementation, the shiftcircuitry described herein may be implemented by the multipliers 1405 orthe adder networks 1410-1411.

Accumulation circuitry 1420-1421 may combine the above results withpreviously-accumulated results (if any) stored in the SRC3/DEST register1460, although certain embodiments described herein do not performaccumulations. The results may then be saturated by saturation circuitry1440 (i.e., if one or more of the values are larger than the maximumsupported value then the maximum value is output) and stored back in thedestination register (SRC1/DEST) 1460 via output multiplexer 1450.

One embodiment of an architecture for left-shifting packed signedquadwords by an amount based on an immediate 1501, preserving the signbit (b63 in the example) and writing the most significant 16 bits of theresulting left-shifted quadword to the lower 16 bits of the destination1460 is illustrated in FIG. 15. In particular, two packed signedquadwords are illustrated in SRC1 1401, identified as quadword 0 (storedat bits 63:0) and quadword 1 (stored at bits 127:64). In response to avalue included in the immediate 1501 (e.g., imm8[5:0]), a shift unit1503 shifts the values in each quadword to the left by N bits, storingthe results in a temporary register or memory location 1520. Oneembodiment of the illustrated circuitry includes sign preservation logicto shift in the sign bit to all bit positions exposed by the shiftingoperation (i.e., such that the bit shifted result is sign-extended).

Following shifting, the most significant 16 bits of the shiftedquadwords are rounded (in accordance with the rounding mode) andsaturated (if necessary) by rounding/saturation circuitry 1504, andcopied to the 16 least significant bit positions in the destinationregister 1460 (bits[15:0]). As illustrated, due to the sign extensionperformed during the shift operation, the sign is retained in theresulting doubleword within the destination 1460.

Given that 6 immediate bits are used in this embodiment to identify ashift amount, N can have a range of values between 0 and 64 (i.e.,2⁶=64). In the particular example shown in FIG. 15, bits b64 and b63 areshown being shifted by a value of N which is between 0 and 64. In oneembodiment, the shift unit 1503 inserts zeroes in the bit positions fromwhich the values are shifted. Thus, the most significant bit positionsoccupied by b64, b63, and b62 are filled with zeroes in the illustratedexample.

As mentioned, in one embodiment, the 16 bit result may be extracted fromeach of the left-shifted quadwords without affecting the arithmeticflags in the processor. In addition, the shifted upper 16-bits from eachof the quadwords may be rounded based on rounding control and saturatedto the word value, if necessary. If saturation occurs, therounding/saturation circuitry may set a saturation flag 1510 (e.g., inthe MXCSR status register).

In one embodiment, the shift unit 1503 is integrated within the addernetworks 1410-1411 in FIG. 14 and rounding/saturation circuitry 1504 isintegrated in the saturation circuitry 1440-1440. Alternatively, theshift unit 1503 and rounding circuitry may be implemented as separatecircuitry/logic from the architectural components shown in FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment in which the shift value (N),specifying the amount by which the shift unit 1503 is to left-shift thetwo quadwords, is specified in another source register, such as SRC31402. The 6 bit value may be stored in the least significant or mostsignificant positions of a packed data element such as a packed byte orpacked word, with the bits outside of the 6 bits being set to zero orignored. In one embodiment, the operation of the shift unit 1503 isotherwise substantially the same as described above with respect to FIG.15.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 17. The method may be implemented within the contextof the processor/system architectures described herein but is notlimited to any particular system architecture.

At 1701, a instruction is fetched having fields for an opcode, animmediate, and a first source operand identifying packed quadword dataelements and a packed quadword data destination operand. At 1702 theinstruction is decoded (e.g., into a plurality of microoperations to beexecuted on the architecture described herein). At 1703, at least twoquadwords associated with the first source operand are retrieved (e.g.,from cache, memory, etc) and stored in the first source register. Thedecoded instruction is then scheduled for execution.

At 1704 the decoded instruction is executed to left-shift the at leasttwo packed quadword data elements based on a value in the immediate togenerate left-shifted quadwords. As described, the immediate may includea 6 bit field which encodes a left-shift value to be used by theinstruction. The left-shifted quadword may be stored, for example, in atemporary register or memory location. The sign bit (b63, the mostsignificant bit of each quadword) is shifted into the bit positionsexposed by the shifting. For example, if a quadword is shifted left by 4bits, then the sign bit will be replicated 4 times, filling in theexposed bit positions.

At 1705, the 16 most significant bits of the left-shifted quadwords arewritten to the least significant 16 bit positions in first and secondpacked quadword regions of the destination register (identified by thedestination operand). In the examples provided herein this means bits15:0 of first and second quadword data element locations in thedestination register.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 18. The method may be implemented within the contextof the processor/system architectures described herein but is notlimited to any particular system architecture.

At 1801, a instruction is fetched having fields for an opcode, a firstsource operand identifying packed quadword data elements, a secondsource operand identifying a shift value, and a packed quadword datadestination operand. At 1802 the instruction is decoded (e.g., into aplurality of microoperations to be executed on the architecturedescribed herein). At 1803, at least two quadwords associated with thefirst source operand are retrieved (e.g., from cache, memory, etc) andstored in the first source register. The shift value is retrieved andstored in a second source register. The decoded instruction is thenscheduled for execution.

At 1804 the decoded instruction is executed to left-shift the at leasttwo packed quadword data elements based on the shift value to generateleft-shifted quadwords. As described, the shift value may be a 6 bitfield which encodes a left-shift value to be used by the instruction.The left-shifted quadword may be stored, for example, in a temporaryregister or memory location. The sign bit (b63, the most significant bitof each quadword) is shifted into the bit positions exposed by theshifting. For example, if a quadword is shifted left by 4 bits, then thesign bit will be replicated 4 times, filling in the exposed bitpositions.

At 1805, the 16 most significant bits of the left-shifted quadwords arewritten to the least significant 16 bit positions in first and secondpacked quadword regions of the destination register (identified by thedestination operand). In the examples provided herein this means bits15:0 of first and second quadword data element locations in thedestination register.

The shift instructions described herein may be executed within thecontext of a larger instruction stream, all of which is processed by thearchitecture shown in FIG. 14. By way of example, this architecture maybe used to execute various forms of multiply-add and multiply-accumulateinstructions which process complex numbers with real and imaginarycomponents. In such an implementation, real numbers and imaginarynumbers may be stored as data elements within the data element locationsof the source and destination registers.

Left-Shifting Packed Quadwords and Extracting Packed Words

One embodiment of the invention includes an instruction which performs aleft-shift of two or more packed signed quadwords and extracts signedwords from specified locations of the shifted signed quadwords. As usedherein a packed word comprises a 16 bit packed data element and aquadword comprises a 64 bit packed data element.

One embodiment maintains and propagates the sign bit of each of thealigned quadwords during the shift and extraction operations. In oneparticular implementation, an arithmetic left shift is performed on thebits in each of two aligned quadwords of a 128 bit source register ormemory location (e.g., xmm2/m128), with a 6-bit count specifying theamount to shift stored in imm8[5:0]. In another implementation, the6-bit count is specified in another source register. For example, in oneembodiment, bits[5:0] and/or [69:64] of xmm3/m128 may encode the shiftamount for the first and second quadwords, respectively.

Regardless of how the left-shift amount is determined, in oneembodiment, the most significant 16-bits[63:48] of each of the shiftedquadwords are then extracted and written into bits[15:0] of thecorresponding quadword location in the destination register (e.g.,xmm1).

In one embodiment, the shifted upper 16-bits from each of the quadwordsare rounded. In particular, a two bit rounding control field may bespecified in a control register (e.g., MXCSR[0:1]) which indicates oneof several different rounding modes when the instruction is executed.Four rounding modes may be specified: round to nearest, round up, rounddown, and round toward zero. Round to nearest means that the roundedresult is the closest to the infinitely precise result. If two valuesare equally close, the result is the even value (the one with the leastsignificant bit of zero. In one embodiment, the default rounding mode isround to nearest as this mode provides the most accurate andstatistically unbiased estimate of the true result and is suitable formost applications. Round up means that the rounded result is closest tobut no greater than the infinitely precise result, round down means thatthe rounded result is closest to but no less than the infinitely preciseresult, and round towards zero means that the rounded result is closestto but no greater in absolute value than the infinitely precise result.It should be noted, however, that the underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to any particular type of rounding.

In addition, saturation may be performed on the resulting 16 bits. Forexample, the 16-bit value may be rounded in accordance with the selectedrounding mode and saturated to word. If saturation occurs the saturationflag may be set in a control register (e.g., the MXCSR status register).

The operations described herein may be performed in response to theexecution of a single instruction. For example, VPSLLRSWQ xmm1,xmm2/m128, imm8 performs a logical shift left of packed signed quadwordsin xmm2/m128 by an amount based on an immediate (imm8) and selects themost significant words from the shifted result (including the sign bit)to store in the destination, xmm1. In addition, VPSLLVRSWQ xmm1, xmm2,xmm3/m128 performs a logical shift left of packed signed quadwords inxmm2 by an amount based on values in xmm3/m128 and selects the mostsignificant words from the shifted result (including the sign bit) tostore in the destination, xmm1.

One embodiment of an architecture for left-shifting packed signedquadwords by an amount based on an immediate 1901, preserving the signbit (b63 in the example) and writing the most significant 16 bits of theresulting left-shifted quadword to the lower 16 bits of the destination1460 is illustrated in FIG. 19. In particular, two packed signedquadwords are illustrated in SRC1 1401, identified as quadword 0 (storedat bits 63:0) and quadword 1 (stored at bits 127:64). In response to avalue included in the immediate 1901 (e.g., imm8[5:0]), a shift unit1503 shifts the values in each quadword to the left by N bits, storingthe results in a temporary register or memory location 1520. Oneembodiment of the illustrated circuitry includes sign preservation logicto maintain the sign bit during the shifting operation. In oneembodiment, the shift unit 1503 shifts Os into the least significant bitpositions exposed by the shifting of the quadwords.

Following shifting, the most significant 16 bits of the shiftedquadwords are rounded (in accordance with the rounding mode) andsaturated (if necessary) by rounding/saturation circuitry 1504, andcopied to the 16 least significant bit positions in the destinationregister 1460 (bits[15:0]).

Given that 6 immediate bits are used in this embodiment to identify ashift amount, N can have a range of values between 0 and 64 (i.e.,2⁶=64). In the particular example shown in FIG. 15, bits b63 (the signbit) and b62 are shown being shifted by a value of N which is between 0and 64. In one embodiment, the shift unit 1503 inserts zeroes in the bitpositions from which the values are shifted. Thus, the least significantbit positions vacated by b0, b1, b2, etc, are filled with zeroes in theillustrated example.

As mentioned, in one embodiment, the 16 bit result may be extracted fromeach of the left-shifted quadwords without affecting the arithmeticflags in the processor. Due to the sign preservation performed duringthe shift operation, the sign is copied to the most significant bitposition (i.e., [15]) of the resulting word within the destination 1460.In addition, the shifted upper 16-bits from each of the quadwords may berounded based on rounding control and saturated to the word value, ifnecessary. If saturation occurs, the rounding/saturation circuitry mayset a saturation flag 1510 (e.g., in the MXCSR status register).

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment in which the shift value (N),specifying the amount by which the shift unit 1503 is to left-shift thetwo quadwords, is specified in another source register, such as SRC31402. The 6 bit value may be stored in the least significant or mostsignificant positions of a packed data element such as a packed byte orpacked word, with the bits outside of the 6 bits being set to zero orignored. In one embodiment, the operation of the shift unit 1503 isotherwise substantially the same as described above with respect to FIG.19.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 21. The method may be implemented within the contextof the processor/system architectures described herein but is notlimited to any particular system architecture.

At 2101, a instruction is fetched having fields for an opcode, animmediate, and a first source operand identifying packed quadword dataelements and a packed quadword data destination operand. At 2102 theinstruction is decoded (e.g., into a plurality of microoperations to beexecuted on the architecture described herein). At 2103, at least twoquadwords associated with the first source operand are retrieved (e.g.,from cache, memory, etc) and stored in the first source register. Thedecoded instruction is then scheduled for execution.

At 2104 the decoded instruction is executed to left-shift the at leasttwo packed quadword data elements based on a value in the immediate togenerate left-shifted quadwords. As described, the immediate may includea 6 bit field which encodes a left-shift value to be used by theinstruction. The left-shifted quadword may be stored, for example, in atemporary register or memory location. The sign bit (b63, the mostsignificant bit of each quadword) is shifted into the bit positionsexposed by the shifting. For example, if a quadword is shifted left by 4bits, then the sign bit will be replicated 4 times, filling in theexposed bit positions.

At 2105, the 16 most significant bits of the left-shifted quadwords arewritten to the least significant 16 bit positions in first and secondpacked quadword regions of the destination register (identified by thedestination operand). In the examples provided herein this means bits15:0 of first and second quadword data element locations in thedestination register.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 22. The method may be implemented within the contextof the processor/system architectures described herein but is notlimited to any particular system architecture.

At 2201, a instruction is fetched having fields for an opcode, a firstsource operand identifying packed quadword data elements, a secondsource operand identifying a shift value, and a packed quadword datadestination operand. At 2202 the instruction is decoded (e.g., into aplurality of microoperations to be executed on the architecturedescribed herein). At 2203, at least two quadwords associated with thefirst source operand are retrieved (e.g., from cache, memory, etc) andstored in the first source register. The shift value is retrieved andstored in a second source register. The decoded instruction is thenscheduled for execution.

At 2204 the decoded instruction is executed to left-shift the at leasttwo packed quadword data elements based on the shift value to generateleft-shifted quadwords. As described, the shift value may be a 6 bitfield which encodes a left-shift value to be used by the instruction.The left-shifted quadword may be stored, for example, in a temporaryregister or memory location. The sign bit (b63, the most significant bitof each quadword) is shifted into the bit positions exposed by theshifting. For example, if a quadword is shifted left by 4 bits, then thesign bit will be replicated 4 times, filling in the exposed bitpositions.

At 2205, the 16 most significant bits of the left-shifted quadwords arewritten to the least significant 16 bit positions in first and secondpacked quadword regions of the destination register (identified by thedestination operand). In the examples provided herein this means bits15:0 of first and second quadword data element locations in thedestination register.

The shift instructions described herein may be executed within thecontext of a larger instruction stream, all of which is processed by thearchitecture shown in FIG. 14. By way of example, this architecture maybe used to execute various forms of multiply-add and multiply-accumulateinstructions which process complex numbers with real and imaginarycomponents. In such an implementation, real numbers and imaginarynumbers may be stored as data elements within the data element locationsof the source and destination registers.

While blocks of data are shifted and written in 16 bit blocks(doublewords) in the embodiments described above, the underlyingprinciples of the invention are not limited to any particular number ofbits. For example, other embodiments may operate in a similar manner onbytes, 32 bit data elements, 64 bit data elements, or even 128 bit dataelements.

While blocks of data are shifted and written in 16 bit blocks(doublewords) in the embodiments described above, the underlyingprinciples of the invention are not limited to any particular number ofbits. For example, other embodiments may operate in a similar manner onbytes, 32 bit data elements, 64 bit data elements, or even 128 bit dataelements.

In the foregoing specification, the embodiments of invention have beendescribed with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Itwill, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may bemade thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of theinvention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification anddrawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather thana restrictive sense.

Embodiments of the invention may include various steps, which have beendescribed above. The steps may be embodied in machine-executableinstructions which may be used to cause a general-purpose orspecial-purpose processor to perform the steps. Alternatively, thesesteps may be performed by specific hardware components that containhardwired logic for performing the steps, or by any combination ofprogrammed computer components and custom hardware components.

As described herein, instructions may refer to specific configurationsof hardware such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)configured to perform certain operations or having a predeterminedfunctionality or software instructions stored in memory embodied in anon-transitory computer readable medium. Thus, the techniques shown inthe Figures can be implemented using code and data stored and executedon one or more electronic devices (e.g., an end station, a networkelement, etc.). Such electronic devices store and communicate(internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) codeand data using computer machine-readable media, such as non-transitorycomputer machine-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks; opticaldisks; random access memory; read only memory; flash memory devices;phase-change memory) and transitory computer machine-readablecommunication media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other formof propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digitalsignals, etc.). In addition, such electronic devices typically include aset of one or more processors coupled to one or more other components,such as one or more storage devices (non-transitory machine-readablestorage media), user input/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, atouchscreen, and/or a display), and network connections. The coupling ofthe set of processors and other components is typically through one ormore busses and bridges (also termed as bus controllers). The storagedevice and signals carrying the network traffic respectively representone or more machine-readable storage media and machine-readablecommunication media. Thus, the storage device of a given electronicdevice typically stores code and/or data for execution on the set of oneor more processors of that electronic device.

Of course, one or more parts of an embodiment of the invention may beimplemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and/orhardware. Throughout this detailed description, for the purposes ofexplanation, numerous specific details were set forth in order toprovide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will beapparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention may bepracticed without some of these specific details. In certain instances,well known structures and functions were not described in elaboratedetail in order to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the scope and spirit of the invention should bejudged in terms of the claims which follow.

What is claimed is:
 1. A processor comprising: a decoder to decode aninstruction; a first source register to store a plurality of packedquadword data elements, each of the packed quadword data elementsincluding a sign bit; execution circuitry to execute the decodedinstruction, the execution circuitry comprising shift circuitry withsign preservation logic to left-shift first and second packed quadworddata elements from first and second packed quadword data elementlocations, respectively, in the first source register by an amountspecified in an immediate value or in a control value in a second sourceregister, the left-shifting to generate first and second left-shiftedquadwords, the shift circuitry to write zeroes into bit positionsexposed by the left-shifting of the packed quadword data elements; thesign preservation logic to maintain a copy of the sign bit while theshift circuitry performs the left-shift operations; the executioncircuitry to cause selection of 32 most significant bits of the firstand second left-shifted quadwords, including the sign bit, to be writtento 32 least significant bit regions of first and second quadword dataelement locations, respectively, of a destination register, writing thesign bit to the most significant bit position of each 32 leastsignificant bit region.
 2. The processor of claim 1 further comprising:rounding circuitry to perform a rounding operation on the 32 mostsignificant bits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords inaccordance with a rounding mode specified in a control register.
 3. Theprocessor of claim 2 further comprising: saturation circuitry tosaturate values encoded in the 32 most significant bits of the first andsecond left-shifted quadwords prior to storage in the destinationregister.
 4. The processor of claim 3 wherein one or more saturationflags are to be updated responsive to the 32 most significant bits ofthe first and second left-shifted quadwords being saturated.
 5. Theprocessor of claim 1 wherein the 32 most significant bits of the firstand second left-shifted quadwords comprise all values of the sign bit ifthe amount specified in the immediate value or in the control value isabove a threshold number.
 6. The processor of claim 1 wherein theimmediate value or control value of the second source register comprisesa 6-bit value to indicate the shift amount.
 7. The processor of claim 1wherein the first source register and destination register comprise128-bit packed data registers.
 8. The processor of claim 7 wherein the128-bit packed data registers comprise xmm registers.
 9. A methodcomprising: decoding an instruction; storing a plurality of packedquadword data elements in a first source register, each of the packedquadword data elements including a sign bit; executing the decodedinstruction, wherein executing the decoded instruction comprises:left-shifting first and second packed quadword data elements from firstand second packed quadword data element locations, respectively, in thefirst source register by an amount specified in an immediate value or ina control value in a second source register, the left-shifting togenerate first and second left-shifted quadwords, wherein each of thepacked quadword data elements including a sign bit, writing zeroes intobit positions exposed by the left-shifting of the packed quadword dataelements, maintaining a copy of the sign bit while the shift circuitryperforms the left-shift operations, and selecting 32 most significantbits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords, including the signbit, to be written to 32 least significant bit regions of first andsecond quadword data element locations, respectively, of a destinationregister, writing the sign bit to the most significant bit position ofeach 32 least significant bit region.
 10. The method of claim 9 furthercomprising: performing a rounding operation on the 32 most significantbits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords in accordance with arounding mode specified in a control register.
 11. The method of claim10 further comprising: saturating values encoded in the 32 mostsignificant bits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords prior tostorage in the destination register.
 12. The method of claim 11 whereinone or more saturation flags are to be updated responsive to the 32 mostsignificant bits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords beingsaturated.
 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the 32 most significantbits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords comprise all valuesof the sign bit if the amount specified in the immediate value or in thecontrol value is above a threshold number.
 14. The method of claim 9wherein the immediate value or control value of the second sourceregister comprises a 6-bit value to indicate the shift amount.
 15. Themethod of claim 9 wherein the first source register and destinationregister comprise 128-bit packed data registers.
 16. The method of claim15 wherein the 128-bit packed data registers comprise xmm registers. 17.A machine-readable medium having program code stored thereon which, whenexecuted by a machine, causes the machine to perform the operations of:decoding an instruction; storing a plurality of packed quadword dataelements in a first source register, each of the packed quadword dataelements including a sign bit; executing the decoded instruction,wherein executing the decoded instruction comprises: left-shifting firstand second packed quadword data elements from first and second packedquadword data element locations, respectively, in the first sourceregister by an amount specified in an immediate value or in a controlvalue in a second source register, the left-shifting to generate firstand second left-shifted quadwords, wherein each of the packed quadworddata elements including a sign bit, writing zeroes into bit positionsexposed by the left-shifting of the packed quadword data elements,maintaining a copy of the sign bit while the shift circuitry performsthe left-shift operations, and selecting 32 most significant bits of thefirst and second left-shifted quadwords, including the sign bit, to bewritten to 32 least significant bit regions of first and second quadworddata element locations, respectively, of a destination register, writingthe sign bit to the most significant bit position of each 32 leastsignificant bit region.
 18. The machine-readable medium of claim 17further comprising program code to cause the machine to perform theoperation of: performing a rounding operation on the 32 most significantbits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords in accordance with arounding mode specified in a control register.
 19. The machine-readablemedium of claim 18 further comprising program code to cause the machineto perform the operation of: saturating values encoded in the 32 mostsignificant bits of the first and second left-shifted quadwords prior tostorage in the destination register.
 20. The machine-readable medium ofclaim 19 wherein one or more saturation flags are to be updatedresponsive to the 32 most significant bits of the first and secondleft-shifted quadwords being saturated.
 21. The machine-readable mediumof claim 17 wherein the 32 most significant bits of the first and secondleft-shifted quadwords comprise all values of the sign bit if the amountspecified in the immediate value or in the control value is above athreshold number.
 22. The machine-readable medium of claim 17 whereinthe immediate value or control value of the second source registercomprises a 6-bit value to indicate the shift amount.
 23. Themachine-readable medium of claim 17 wherein the first source registerand destination register comprise 128-bit packed data registers.
 24. Themachine-readable medium of claim 23 wherein the 128-bit packed dataregisters comprise xmm registers.